Monday, September 14, 2020

KAMALA HARRIS AND HISTORY PART I: SHE WHO WOULD BE VICE PRESIDENT

Former Vice President Joe Biden’s selection of

California Senator Kamala Harris as his running mate prompts a serious review of the historical dimensions of his choice. Her selection during the 100-year anniversary of the constitutional amendment
giving women the right to vote made even more significant the possibility Harris could very well stand on the U.S. capitol steps on January 20, 2021, raise her right hand, and take the oath as the nation’s first female vice president.

Harris wouldn’t reach that place alone. She’d

follow in the footsteps of Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, Fannie Lou Hamer, Barbara Jordan, Shirley Chisholm, Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Carol Mosley Braun, and many
others
who led the way in getting women, including women of color, voting rights and meaningful participation in American political life. The long road to potentially having a woman one heartbeat from the presidency deserves an examination we’ll present in this post and our next one.

 

Women and Voting

Political movements aimed at gaining women the right to vote sprang up in the first half of the  nineteenth century, culminating in an 1848 convention at Seneca Falls, New York that called for full political equality for women. Congress took up a women’s suffrage constitutional amendment in 1878, but defeated it nine years later. The all-male U.S. Supreme Court rejected theories that the equal protection and anti-slavery amendments guaranteed women the vote.

America’s entry into World War I opened a new argument for suffragists. With women joining the labor force and serving in the military, the idea women should have a greater say in the nation’s political life gained traction. President Woodrow Wilson, facing protests that included women going on hunger strikes after  being arrested for demon-
strating in favor of suffrage, supported a constitutional amend- ment.
The measure passed the House on May 21, 1919, the Senate on June 4, 1919, and went to the states for ratification. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the necessary 36th state to ratify the 19th amendment.

 

The Racial Divide

Middle class white women ran the women’s suffrage movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The 19th amendment didn’t mention race. It prohibited denying the vote on the basis of sex, but it didn’t uniformly benefit black women. African American women in northern and border states could and did register to vote after the amendment passed. Indeed, when it was challenged as violating Maryland’s state constitution which limited voting to men, one of the women involved was Mary D. Randolph, “a colored female citizen” of Baltimore who had registered along with a white woman, Cecilia Waters. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld their registration.

Things were different in the South, where local officials resisted voting by African Americans of either sex. Literacy tests, poll taxes (outlawed in the 1960s by the twenty-fourth amendment), and other barriers kept many black women from voting. Even before passage of the 19th amendment, black women

banded together in  suffrage organizations. Ida B. Wells, for example, helped found the Alpha Suffrage Club in 1913, likely the first African American women’s suffrage organization in the United States.

Only the 1965 Voting Rights Act finally addressed the problem by eliminating the barriers southern states used in keeping all blacks from voting. Though the statute didn’t mention sex, within a year of passage, it allowed registration of half a million African American voters in the South and ten million by 1980, many of them women.

 

Office Holding

The first woman elected to Congress reached

that body before enactment of the 19th amendment. Montana gave women the vote in 1914, six years before ratification of the federal suffrage amendment. Jeanette Rankin won a House of Representatives seat from Montana in 1916.  

Harris would go to the vice presidency from the U.S. Senate, where no woman sat until November 21, 1922, when 87-year old Rebecca Felton of Georgia was sworn in to serve one day in filling a vacancy. The first woman elected to the Senate was Hattie Caraway Arkansas’s in 1932. In 1978, Nancy Kassebaum of Kansas became the first woman elected to a full senate term whose husband hadn’t been in Congress before her.

Carol Mosley Braun won a U.S. Senate seat

from  Illinois in 1992, ousting Alan Dixon largely over his vote in favor of confirming Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court. In doing so, she became the first black woman in the senate.  Kamala Harris became the second with her 2016 election from California. Before that, she’d won two statewide races for California Attorney General, and served as San Francisco’s district attorney.     

Harris has often acknowledged how the career of Chisholm, a New York Democrat, influenced her. Chisholm became the first black woman elected to the House when she won her seat in 1968 and in 1972 became the first woman and the first black person to seek the presidential nomination of a major party.

Chisholm, in advocating the importance of women in public office, once famously said, “Our representative democracy is not working because the Congress that is supposed to represent the voters does not respond to their needs. I believe the chief reason for this is that it is ruled by a small group of old men.”  In line with Chisholm’s view, we see the change the Harris candidacy represents as long overdue. What do you think?

In Part II we’ll look at the nation’s response to female vice presidential candidates and more deeply at Harris herself.   


Monday, September 7, 2020

CHADWICK BOSEMAN: A SUPER HERO GONE TOO SOON LIFE, DEATH, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND COLON CANCER

The August 28 death of actor Chadwick Boseman saddened the nation and the entertainment world and conjured up images of his groundbreaking role as Black Panther in one of the highest grossing films in the United States of 2018. Boseman’s death from colon cancer at 43 also provided a useful, if grim, reminder of the impact of the disease on African Americans and the need for effective counter measures in that population.

Boseman notoriously guarded his privacy, so he never told the world he’d been diagnosed with the disease in 2016. He kept acting, enjoying his Black Panther success while undergoing treatment.

 

A Short, Spectacular Career

Boseman grew up in Anderson, South Carolina, the son of a nurse and a textile worker. He earned a fine arts degree from

Howard University in 2000 and began a career focused on writing and directing. He only started studying acting because he hoped doing so would give him a better understanding of actors in his directing work. Though he kept writing plays, Boseman soon found success as an actor in television, beginning in 2003 with appearances in Third Watch and later in Law and Order, CSI:NY, and ER.

Boseman made his real mark in movies. In 2013, he played Jackie Robinson in 42, a movie that grossed $97 million against a budget of $40 million. Ironically, Boseman died on Jackie Robinson Day, the major league baseball players wear

Robinson’s No. 42.   A year after 42 Boseman portrayed legendary soul singer James Brown in Get on Up. Boseman in 2017 played a young Thurgood Marshall trying a rape case in Connecticut, long before Marshall became the nation’s first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice.  Then came Boseman’s biggest moment.


The Cultural Phenomenon of Black Panther

It’s difficult to overestimate the impact of Boseman’s work in Black Panther. Our March 8, 2018, post recorded our reactions to the film, reactions that demonstrated our individual approaches to entertainment, cultural phenomena, and racial issues. Woodson juxtaposed the film’s “confident and competent” depiction of people of color with the harsh portrayal presented by the current President of the United States. Rob viewed the picture in the context of other action movie franchises.  Henry, a long time Super Hero fan, discovered a movie that forged a spiritual connection with a world he’d longed for, but wasn’t sure he’d ever inhabit.

In tribute to the actor, Henry wrote, “I found immensely satisfying seeing a movie, in a genre in which I’ve reveled so long, depict a world that left no question of my own humanity and celebrated the notion people of African descent can be, and are, good or bad, human or inhuman, smart or not-so-smart, wise or unwise, compassionate or cruel.”  He continued, “Black Panther brought alive my own spirit and helped maintain a faith in humanity that’s been challenged in the last few years.”

For African Americans like Henry, who have worshiped in the Super Hero movie world for years, Bozeman’s performance provided hope. Death, rebirth, and courage brought the mythical hero to the hearts of people longing for a symbol rising above the reality of past bondage and continued oppression. Boseman, in the Black Panther role and in his portrayals of famous men, important men like Robinson, Brown, and Marshall, showed America people of color who altered history. They changed whispers to roars and helped move myth to reality. In tribute, Woodson observed, “Chadwick Boseman’s life and death expressed the urgency of now – embracing life’s calling and pursuing it to the end.”

As one of Henry’s grandchildren expressed it, “Black Panther is the baddest Super Hero ever.” In spite of Boseman’s enormous achievements by age 43, one can only imagine what his contributions might have been had he lived a normal life expectancy. Perhaps the fitting thing we should say now is, “Chadwick Boseman, forever.” 

 

A Dark Side and a Reality Check

Boseman’s life has been celebrated by celebrities and ordinary people for good reason. His death, however, conjured up harsh realities the nation ignores at its peril. He died of colon cancer as a young man. That fact creates a sobering circumstance that requires closer examination.

Blacks suffer from colon cancer at significantly

higher rates than other racial groups. Black men are 24 % more likely to develop colon cancer than whites, with
black women stricken 19% more often than whites.
African Americans have a 15-20% higher death rate from colon cancer than whites.

The explanations don’t differ much from the

explanations for other health disparities between the races – diet, obesity, lack of screening, lack of access to health care generally. Significantly, blacks develop the disease at younger ages than whites. Many doctors now suggest blacks get screened for colon cancer at 45, instead of 50, the age now normally recommended for such tests.

Even that might not have changed the outcome for Chadwick Boseman. He was 39 at the time of his diagnosis. A lower initial screening age might not have caught his disease early enough to have started treatment that would have extended his life beyond the 43 years he got. Outliers often exist and he apparently was one. Still, Boseman’s case, and his tragic death, remind the nation generally, and the African American population specifically, of the need for early testing and overall vigilance about a disease that can create such havoc.  

Getting an early colon cancer screening is something we whole heartedly recommend.